Low birth weight is one of the major problems for the new born baby throughout its life. Low birth weight, blood pressure, maternal factors, newborns introduction low birth weight lbw is defined as birth weight bw of less than 2,500g. A low birth weight infant can be born too small, too early, or both. Adverse effects of early dexamethasone in extremelylowbirthweight infants. However, in the united states, virtually all nutritional interventions used to reduce low birth weight or its components, preterm birth and growth restriction, have failed 34, 35. Different primary studies in ethiopia showed the burden of low birth weight. Low birth weight in the united states the american journal.
Different risk factors for very low birth weight, term. Low birth weight lbw is defined by the world health organization as a birth weight of a infant of 2,499 g or less, regardless of gestational age. The purpose of this study was to investigate the socioeconomic, biological and behavioural factors influencing low birth weight and prematurity in botswana. Babies are weighed within the first few hours after birth. Low birth weight lbw is one of the main predictors of infant mortality. Nov 26, 2018 different primary studies in ethiopia showed the burden of low birth weight. Health effects low birthweight and the environment cdc. Infant low birth weight definition and patient education. Low birth weight at term and its determinants in a. Data for low birth weighta,b regiona % of infants with low birth weightb % of infants not. Premature and low birth weight infants have higher iron requirements due to increased postnatal growth compared to that of term infants and are, therefore, susceptible to a higher risk of developing. Premature birth before 37 weeks of pregnancy and fetal growth restriction are the most common causes of low birthweight.
Subcategories include very low birth weight vlbw, which is less than 1500 g 3 pounds 5 ounces, and extremely low birth weight elbw, which is less than g 2 pounds 3 ounces. The problem of low birth weight improving birth outcomes. Vlbw and elbw infants are at risk for cerebral palsy. Low birthweight lbw of less than 2500 g is an important marker of maternal and fetal health, predicting mortality, stunting, and adultonset. Iron deficiency and iron homeostasis in low birth weight. Low birth weight lbw is a major determinant of infant mortality and morbidity. Maternal risk factors associated with low birth weight neonates in. Very low birth weight refers to babies who weigh less than 3. This study identified the influences of neonatal and maternal factors on premature birth and low birth weight in new south wales, australia. Babies with low birth weight neonatology jama jama. A hospitalbased retrospective case control study was conducted in maternity ward of tribhuvan university teaching hospital from february to july 2011. Birth weight is an important determinant of child survival and development. Low birth weight in the united states the american.
A birthweight less than 2,500 grams 5 pounds, 8 ounces is diagnosed as low birthweight. Premature birth is one of the most common causes of low birthweight. Sep 17, 2015 birth weight is an important determinant of child survival and development. A case control study on risk factors associated with low. In fact, protein supplementation appears to have a negative effect on pregnancy outcome. Premature and low birth weight infants have higher iron requirements due to increased postnatal growth compared to that of term infants and are, therefore, susceptible to a higher risk of developing iron. The primary cause is premature birth, being born before 37 weeks gestation. Low birth weight is influenced by many socioeconomic factors like habitat. Early growth of very low birth weight infants article pdf available in east african medical journal 833. The impact of low birth weight, perinatal conditions, and sociodemographic factors on educational outcome in kindergarten article pdf available in pediatrics 1046. Babies weighing less than 1,500 grams 3 pounds, 5 ounces at birth are considered very low birthweight.
Birth weight g survival 500750 74% 7511,000 82% 1,0011,250 92% 1,2511,500 95% longterm outcome. The problem of low birth weight although reliable data on the magnitude and global distribution of low birth weight lbw are limited, it is estimated that approximately 16 percent of all neonates in developing countries weigh less than 2,500 grams at birth and that more than 20 million such infants are born each year. Low birth weight infants as a proportion of total live births, 2017 or latest available number of live births weighing less than 2500 grams as a proportion % of total live births notes. Extremely low birth weight infants are at high risk for. National institute of child health and human development neonatal research network. Low birthweight is defined as less than 2,500 grams up to and including 2,499 grams. However, in infants with birth weight weight or length of stay in ps. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to explore the association of selected neonatal and maternal characteristics with premature birth and low birth weight. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and associated factors of low birth weight among mothers who delivered at governmental hospitals, northern.
This study was aimed to estimate the national prevalence and associated factors of low birth weight in ethiopia. Discovering the extent of low birth weight in rural sudan. Birth weight of a child is an important indicator of its vulnerability for childhood illness and chances of survival. Intention to become pregnant and low birth weight and. Low birth weight at term and its determinants in a tertiary. Some lowbirthweight babies are healthy, but others have serious health problems that need treatment. The two main causes for a baby to be born at a low birth weight are premature birth and intrauterine growth restrictions iugr. Prevalence and risk factors of lowbirthweight infants in zahedan. Babies are born with low birth weight because of prematurity being born too early, poor intrauterine growth growing too slowly in the womb, or both. National, regional, and worldwide estimates of low birthweight in.
Prevention of hypothermia is aimed at reducing the risks of developing major neonatal morbidities. This can happen for many different reasons which may or may not be related. Risk factors of low birth weight and effect of them on growth. Newborns with low birth weight % rationale for use the low birth weight rate at the population level is an indicator of a public health problem that includes long term maternal malnutrition, ill health and poor health care. The prevalence of low birth weight babies in nepal is estimated to be about 1232%. Feb, 2017 mathewson and her colleagues conducted metaanalyses using 41 studies that followed 2,712 individuals who were extremely low birth weight babies and 11,127 who were normal birth weight babies. Risk factors of low birth weight and effect of them on. For example, the expected costs of delivery and initial care of a baby weighing grams at birth can exceed. The costs of low birth weight princeton university. Babies with low birth weight neonatology jama jama network. However, estimates of the return to lbwprevention from crosssectional associations may be biased by omitted variables, such as genetic factors.
The american journal of public health ajph from the. Low birth weight lbw infants experience severe health and developmental difficulties that can impose large costs on society. From 1985 to 20, the mean birth weight of infants in japan decreased from 3120 g to 3000 g, and the low birth weight rate among live births increased from 6. Although reliable data on the magnitude and global distribution of low birth weight lbw, birth weight. Pdf the impact of low birth weight, perinatal conditions.
Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and associated factors of low birth weight among mothers who delivered at. Premature birth is a term for a baby born before 37 weeks of pregnancy. A funnel plot and eggers regression test were used to see publication bias. National journal of community medicine vol 2 issue 3 octdec 2011. Complications associated with premature birth journal of. No prospective study has elucidated the risk factors for poor fetal growth and preterm birth in recent japanese parents, such as increased parental age, maternal body figure, assisted reproductive technology art, and. Approximately 42 percent of very lowbirthweight infants have been found to have borderline iq scores 7084, and 7 percent had subnormal iq scores less than 70 when tested at 20 years of age, compared to 31 percent and 2 percent respectively in normalbirthweight infants 9.
Intention to become pregnant and low birth weight and preterm. Survival data for infants born at ucsf from 19982002 inclusive are. Prevalence and risk factors of lowbirthweight infants in zahedan, islamic republic of iran. Dec 10, 2009 increased stress, psychosocial problems, economic disadvantages, and lack of prenatal care are proposed to explain discrepancies in the outcome of unintended pregnancies. The effect of thermoregulation quality improvement. Low birth weight and its associated factors in ethiopia. Extremely low birth weight and infant mortality rates in the united states carissa lau, namasivayam ambalavanan, hrishikesh chakraborty, martha s. Low birthweight in newborns symptoms and causes boston.
On an individual basis, low birth weight is an important predictor of newborn health and survival. Birth weight data over the last two decades reflect similar trends. Percentage and number of low birthweight infants by unicef regions. Data for china, colombia and costa rica refer to 2012, for germany and malta to 20, for bulgaria, croatia, cyprus, romania and. Maternal factors in predicting low birth weight babies.
Low birth weight lbw has been defined by who as weight at birth of less than 2. Low birth weight babies at higher risk for mental health. Data were from the botswana obstetric record covering the years 1990 to 1995, and were analysed with both descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis. Low birthweight is when a baby is born weighing less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces. Preterm birth and low birthweight in 20, the overall preterm birth rate was 11. Low birthweight childrens hospital of philadelphia. Low birth weight refers to babies who weigh less than 5. Proper knowledge of risk factors of low birth weight is important for identifying those mothers at risk and thereby for planning and taking appropriate actions. Low birth weight newborns are at higher risk for perinatal and infant mortality 1, 2, 3 and other health complications such as hypertensive adults4. Infant low birth weight lbw happens when babies weigh less than 5 pounds and 8 ounces at birth. Birthweight is the first weight of the newborn obtained after birth. Pdf low birth weights and risk of neonatal mortality in indonesia. In wales in 2011 over 2400 live births were recorded as low birth weight.
Birth weight is the weight of the newborn measured immediately after birth. Iron is an essential micronutrient that is involved in many functions in humans, as it plays a critical role in the growth and development of the central nervous system, among others. To investigate the effects of state minimum wage laws on low birth weight and infant mortality in the united states. Studies of maternal intention and pregnancy outcomes have yielded varied results. Another cause of low birthweight is intrauterine growth restriction. We estimated the effects of statelevel minimum wage laws using a differenceindifferences approach on rates of low birth weight low birthweight a babys low weight at birth is either the result of preterm birth before 37 weeks of gestation or of restricted foetal intrauterine growth. Low birthweight a babys low weight at birth is either the result of preterm birth before 37 weeks of gestation or of restricted foetal intrauterine growth. Apr 08, 2015 birth weight of a child is an important indicator of its vulnerability for childhood illness and chances of survival. It is the single most important factor determining the survival chances of the child. Pdf low birth weight baby j4r journal for research. The studies took place over a 26year period 19902016 in 12 different countries, including the united states and canada. Survival of vlbw babies is directly related to birth weight. Our study aimed at identifying major determinants of low birth weight among term babies in nepal. Costs of low birth weight the quarterly journal of.
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